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- <text id=93CT1689>
- <title>
- Finland--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Europe
- Finland
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Finland began a nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom
- of Sweden in 1154 when Sweden's King Eric introduced
- Christianity. During the ensuing centuries, Finland played an
- important role in the political life of the Swedish-Finnish
- realm, and Finnish soldiers often predominated in the armies of
- the Swedish kings. Finns also formed a significant proportion
- of the first "Swedish" settlers in 17th-century America.
- </p>
- <p> In 1809, Finland was conquered by the armies of Alexander I
- and thereafter remained an autonomous grand duchy connected with
- the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. On December 6, 1917,
- shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Finland
- declared its independence. In 1918, Finland experienced a brief
- but bitter civil war that has colored its domestic policies to
- the present day.
- </p>
- <p> During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice--in the Winter War of 1939-40 and again in the Continuation
- War of 1941-44.
- </p>
- <p> The Treaty of Peace signed at Paris on February 10, 1947,
- limited the size of Finland's defense forces and provided for
- the cession to the Soviet Union of the Petsamo area on the
- Arctic coast, the Karelian Isthmus in southeastern Finland, and
- other territory along the former eastern border. Another
- provision, terminated in 1956, leased the Porkkala area near
- Helsinki to the U.S.S.R. for use as a naval base and gave free
- access to this area across Finnish territory. The peace treaty
- also called for Finland to pay to the Soviet Union reparations
- of 300 million gold dollars (amounting to an estimated $570
- million in 1952, the year the payments ended). The United States
- was not a signatory to the treaty because it had not been at war
- with Finland.
- </p>
- <p> In April 1948, Finland signed an Agreement of Friendship,
- Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union, under
- which Finland is obligated (with the aid of the Soviet Union,
- if necessary) to resist armed attacks by Germany or its allies
- against Finland, or against the U.S.S.R. through Finland. At the
- same time, the agreement recognizes Finland's desire to remain
- outside great-power conflicts. This agreement was renewed for
- 20 years in 1955, again in 1970, and most recently in 1983 to
- the year 2003.
- </p>
- <p> Finland joined the United Nations and the Nordic Council in
- 1955, is a full member of the European Free Trade Association,
- and in 1973 signed a free trade agreement with the European
- Community. It also has entered into free-trade agreements with
- Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and the German
- Democratic Republic; a 15-year economic cooperation agreement
- with the Soviet Union, last extended in 1980; and a cooperation
- agreement with the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Finland's proportional representation system encourages a
- multitude of political parties and has resulted in many
- coalition governments.
- </p>
- <p> Political activity by communists was legalized in 1944.
- Since then, although four major parties have dominated the
- political arena, none has a majority position. The largest is
- the Social Democratic Party (SDP), which commands the support
- of about 25% of the electorate, mainly among the urban working
- class but also with some support among small farmers,
- white-collar workers, and professionals. The SDP's rival on the
- left is the People's Democratic League (SKDL), the parliamentary
- group in the Eduskunta that represents the Finnish Communist
- Party. The SKDL attracts votes from the working class and
- several protest groups. The SKDL's parliamentary effectiveness
- and potential participation in government are impaired, however,
- by the deep split in the Communist Party between its "moderate"
- majority and "hardline" minority.
- </p>
- <p> The two other major parties are the Center Party,
- traditionally representing rural interests, and the Conservative
- Party, which draws its major support from the business community
- and urban professionals.
- </p>
- <p> In the February 1988 election, President Koivisto won a new
- 6-year term. Parliamentary elections in March 1987 led to the
- formation of a "red-blue" coalition government that includes
- both the SDP and the National Coalition (Conservative) Party.
- The parties, in approximate order of their respective seating
- placement, listed from the left to the right of the political
- spectrum, are as follows:
- </p>
- <p> Democratic Alternative 4
- People's Democratic League 16
- Social Democratic 56
- Rural Party 9
- Center Party 40
- National Coalition Party 53
- Swedish People's Party 13
- Greens 4
- Christian league 5
- </p>
- <p> Total 200
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- August 1990.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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